The current study investigated to which extent phenol could be replaced by lignins produce lignin formaldehyde (LPF) resins, utilising soda and sodium lignosulphonate as by-products from the South African pulping industry. were characterised indicated highest reactivity. It was therefore utilised LPF resins at 60%, 80%, 100% substitution, using central composite designs maximise adhesive streng...

The present study shows that barley straw (Hordeum vulgare) can be a supplementary raw material of softwoods and hardwoods such as Pinus sylvestris and Eucalyptus camaldulensis, respectively, for the production of cellulose and paper, reducing an agricultural residue that has no added value. Barley straw has a lower content of cellulose at 36.4% than P. sylvestris and E. camaldulensis, but it c...

The composition of pitch deposits occurring in pulp sheets and mill circuits during soda/anthraquinone pulping and elemental chlorine-free pulp bleaching of bast fibers of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa) was studied. Pitch deposits were extracted with acetone, and the extracts analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Acetone extracts (15-25% of pit...

This research investigated the effect of hot water pre-extraction on the bleaching process and properties of wheat straw soda-AQ pulp. Preextraction experiments were carried out on wheat straw to obtain a weight loss of about 15 percent. Based on preliminary experiments, soda-AQ pulping of non-extracted straw chips was performed at 160 oC for 60 min, whereas the pre-extracted chips were pulped ...

Without reclamation of waste liquor and chemicals recovery, the kraft pulp and paper industry would constitute an enormous pollution problem. Already for economical reasons, substantial recovery is secured, however, and considerable further improvements are foreseen. Recovery is outlined in terms of cycles for sodium, calcium, sulphur, and—in a wider sense—carbon. In addition, the mechanical lo...

Presented herein is the integral valorization of residual biomass to film composites by their fractionation into building blocks in a multicomponent cascade isolation approach. First, pine cones were subjected alkaline pretreatment, followed soda pulping. Two different hemicellulose/lignin-based fractions recovered from extractives these treatments, with yield 19%. Then, chloride- and peroxide-...