Empirical studies have consistently shown that punitive damages are rarely awarded, with rates of about 3 to 5 percent of plaintiff trial wins. Using the 2005 data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics Civil Justice Survey, this article shows that knowing in which cases plaintiffs sought punitive damages transforms the picture of punitive damages. Not accounting for whether punitive damages wer...

Is climate change concerning because of its expected damages, or the risk that damages could be very high? Climate are uncertain, in particular they depend on whether accumulation greenhouse gas emissions will trigger a tipping point. In this article, we investigate how much contributes to Social Cost Carbon presence point inducing higher-damage regime. To do so, decompose effect as an increase...

Using fine-scale climate process, we investigated the relationship between extreme surface water runoff and property damages caused by flood in the U.S. Special attention was paid to disentangle effects of extreme weather and social wealth accumulation. We find it is still premature to claim that extreme weather events becomes more destructive due to anthropological climate change, if take into...

1 An employee injured at work in the UK is able to claim not only no-fault social security benefit from the state under the industrial injuries compensation scheme, but also damages from the employer if liability in tort can be established. Use of one system of compensation does not lead to exclusion from the other; there is no ‘employer privilege’ preventing an employee claiming from both work...

Vespa Velutina (Vespidae family, Genus Vespa) (VV) is a wasp whose origin is Asia. It was first found in Europe by the end of 2005 in southern France, even though its arrival probably took place in Bordeaux in a wood container one year before. Since then, they have spread throughout 32 departments in France, getting to Guipuzcoa by 2011 and are already present in Navarre, attacking beehives, ca...

The oppression suffered by Native Americans has so undermined their culture and ability to parent that child abuse and neglect are frequent problems. Yet the history of oppression often seriously damages the capacity of many Native American parents to accept help from child protective service agencies and staff members. This article explains the particular characteristics and behaviors of some ...