Social smiling is universally regarded as being an infant's first facial expression of pleasure. Underlying co-constructivist emotion theories are the assumptions that the emergence of social smiling is bound to experiences of face-to-face interactions with caregivers and the impact of two developmental mechanisms--maternal and infant imitation. We analyzed mother-infant interactions from two d...

Using the Nielsen Consumer Panel, we document the presence of significant price heterogeneity in the United States. Poor households pay lower prices for the same products, mostly because they shop more at discount stores. However, we also find that price heterogeneity has a very small impact on the measurement of consumption inequality. Adjusting nominal household expenditures by imposing that ...

Research has shown that temporarily primed motivational orientations have essentially the same effects on how people pursue their goals as their chronic orientations. This article shows that, despite the interchangeability of temporary and chronic motivations, primed motivational orientations that are incongruent with chronic orientations create interference, requiring the deployment of cogniti...

The authors investigated how a collective self-construal orientation in combination with positive social comparisons "turns off" the negative effects of stereotype threat. Specifically, Experiment 1 demonstrated that stereotype threat led to increased accessibility of participants' collective self ("we"). Experiment 2 showed that this feeling of "we-ness" in the stereotype threat condition cent...

This paper presents a comprehensive and integrated set of validation procedures to assess the satisfactoriness of measurement models of multifaceted constructs. The validation framework is then applied to a new measurement model of the economic domain of export performance, a construct for which agreement has not yet been reached in the literature concerning the appropriate representation of it...

Background and Purpose of Study: Adherence to religion is associated with a healthier lifestyle which affects people’s mental health. Mental unity is a key to health personality. Among value systems, religion is the most capable of creating this unity. The present research, therefore, aims to investigate how intrinsic and extrinsic religious orientation related to university students&rsqu...

the main purpose of this study is to explore the correlation between religion and mental health. therefore, using some socio-psychological theories, the study seeks to investigate the relationships between religiosity, religious orientation, perceived social support, and optimism with mental health of university students. the study has been conducted via survey method and data collected by self...