While psychoanalysts claim that psychoanalysis is a science, many external critics denounce it as an unscientific system of untested (and in a Popperian view: untestable) beliefs. In part, this may be the effect of what Freud called the “resistance against psychoanalysis” (which cannot be cured simply with arguments). Beside that, however, the discussion of the epistemological status of psychoa...

This paper investigates whether adaptive learning and news shocks, operating in tandem, can generate business cycle dynamics that match the data. In doing so, this paper adopts expectational stability (“E-stability”) as a natural criterion for rationality: plausible equilibria should arise from an adaptive learning formulation where agents form forecasts from a correctly specified model whose p...

Linguistic acceptability judgments are a critical part of the toolkit for linguistic investigation. An implicit assumption of much work using these judgments is that the data are stable, presumably reflecting the underlying nature of grammatical representation. Here, I demonstrate that for a range of constructions — including so-called island-violating sentences, those with resumptive pronouns,...

In a world of diversity and change management has to cope with challenges such as hyper-linking, hyper-competition, and hyper-turbulence. These lead to a higher level of complexity and dynamic management has to accomplish. Furthermore, conditions and aims of a specific social system are more and more contradictious. Modern social systems fulfil manifold incoherent functions for their stakeholde...

The present paper guides the reader through six decades of research on 2D materials, thereby putting special focus use these materials for electronic devices. It is shown that after a slow start and only little activity over many years, since 2004 exploration advanced at an enormous pace. While some high expectations raised in so-called golden era graphene did not fulfil, other applications ori...

This research aims to understand mother’s and girl’s expectations from their spouses, and shows the difference between these two generation’s expectations. Along this, by using qualitative approach and deep semi-structured interview, we studied the expectations difference among 14 mothers and 14 girls resided at Tehran city’s fifth region (area).Results from the research showed that women’s exp...

In these years, the design of certificateless signature (CLS) scheme without bilinear pairings has been thoroughly investigated owing to its effectiveness on solving the key escrow problem in identity-based cryptography. In this paper, we identify that Wang et al.’s certificateless signature scheme cannot fulfil its security claims. We present a series of attack processes to demonstrate that Wa...