BACKGROUND Many previous studies did not sufficiently control for several confounding factors that may affect the association between smoking and depression, such as socioeconomic status. We investigated the association between depression and smoking status, smoking exposure, duration of smoking cessation, and age of starting smoking while controlling for socioeconomic factors. METHODS This s...

Smoking does not affect every socioeconomic subgroup of the population equally, resulting in major inequalities in terms of smoking-related morbidity and mortality. While previous studies mainly focused on inequalities in smoking prevalence, we have analysed the socioeconomic dimensions that might be associated with two other smoking-related outcomes: the odds of successfully quitting and the d...

BACKGROUND Smoking is a risk factor for oral diseases and tooth loss. Our aim was to analyze the association between smoking intensity and duration and tooth loss among middle-aged Finnish adults who have enjoyed access to subsidized dental care since childhood. METHODS This study was based on the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 (NFBC1966) Project, a representative sample of Finnish 46-yea...

The carcinogenic effect of smoking on laryngeal cancer is well established; however, the risk pattern for detailed smoking characteristics is less clear. Thus, the aim of this analysis was to quantify the impact of different inhalation behaviours on the risk of laryngeal cancer. We conducted a population-based case control study in Germany, frequency-matched for sex and age, using a standardize...

We conducted a hospital-based case-control study of 814 lung cancer patients and 1123 controls to examine the association of the NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) gene polymorphism with lung cancer susceptibility. Using PCR-RFLP genotyping assay techniques, we analyzed DNA samples to detect the variant forms of the NQO1 gene in exon 6 on chromosome 16q. We examined the relationship betwe...

BACKGROUND This study aimed to determine the prevalence of smoking behaviors among students in Tehran University, Iran. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study on 400 participants of Tehran University. A self-administrated, anonymous questionnaire was used for data gathering. FINDINGS The mean age of students was 21.70 ± 2.73 years, and 92% of them were single. The prevalence of smoking wa...

objective: calpains are a family of ca 2+ dependent proteases. there is some evidence that calpains involved in fusion process that occurs between spermatozoa and the oocyte. the current study aimed to investigate the association of smoking with semen quality and µ-calpain level. materials and methods: this case-control study was conducted on 117 normospermia males  between june 2013 and march ...

Introduction: As far as application of chemicals as disinfectants may have side effects on human health and causes drug resistance, the topic of herbal and natural products has been investigated in recent researches. Nevertheless, application of medicinal smokes in the treatment of many diseases, including bacterial and infectious diseases has long been popular in Iran. Smoke from the burning o...