Ekman and Friesen (1982) predicted that smiles that express enjoyment would be marked by smoother zygomatic major actions of more consistent duration than the zygomatic major actions of nonenjoyment smiles. Study 1 measured the duration and smoothness of smiles shown by female subjects in response to positive emotion films while alone and in a social interaction. Enjoyment smiles in both situat...

Enjoyment smiles are more often associated with the simultaneous presence of the Cheek raiser and Lip corner puller action units, and these units' activation is more often symmetric. Research on the judgment of smiles indicated that individuals are sensitive to these types of indices, but it also suggested that their ability to perceive these specific indices might be limited. The goal of the c...

This research summary, based on a review of the literature and a series of focus groups with NHS staff, shows that while it is difficult to measure how people feel about their work, there is much to suggest that morale and motivation of the NHS workforce are low. It identifies three key factors that affect morale and motivation: whether staff feel valued, their working environment, and resource...

Infants over one month of age tend to produce two types of smiling during especially positive social interactions, Duchenne smiles involving cheek raising and open-mouth smiles. Little is known, however, about the prevalence, frequency, duration and organization of these smiles among neonates. Twenty-five full-term, healthy neonates (12 female) were videotaped during six minutes of sleep. Smile...

To present fundamental data, spontaneous smiles and spontaneous laughs (smiles accompanied by vocal sounds) were cross-sectionally observed in 10 newborn infants and longitudinally observed in six infants. Unilateral spontaneous smiles were more common than bilateral smiles in neonates, but by 2 months almost all spontaneous smiles were bilateral. All spontaneous laughs were bilateral. "Spontan...

The aim of this study was to assess the impact of various sized buccal corridors (BCs) on smile attractiveness. One female smiling photograph, displaying first molar to first molar (M1-M1), was digitally altered to produce (1) smiles that filled 84, 88, 92, 96, and 100 per cent of the oral aperture; (2) second premolar to second premolar smiles (PM2-PM2) that filled 84, 88, 92, and 96 per cent ...

In positive social contexts, both adults and older infants show more Duchenne smiling (which involves high cheek raising) than non-Duchenne smiling (which does not). This study compared Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiles in early infancy for clues to their emotional significance. Infants (N = 13) from 1 to 6 months of age were videotaped weekly for 5 min in 208 face-to-face interactions with thei...

One male infant was observed from the day of his birth to the end of the 6th month. Total observation days were 171 days, and total observation time was 329 h 25 min and 35s. Five hundred and sixty-five spontaneous smiles and 15 spontaneous laughs (smiles accompanied by vocal sounds) were observed. Developmental psychologists have thought that spontaneous smiles integrate at about 3 months, but...