the effects of traffic frequency and skid trail slope on dry bulk density, litter mass and rutting are examined. treatments included a combination of four different traffic frequencies (3, 7, 14, and 20 passes of a rubber skidder) and three levels of slope ( 20%.) the results showed that dry bulk density, rut depth and soil displacement increased with the increase of traffic frequency and slope...

The negative influence of timber harvesting on the forest environment is reflected through damage to residual trees, regeneration, and soil. Considering that skidding, a popular extraction method, can cause substantial severe remaining stand, aim this research was determine trees during skidding by an LKT 81T cable skidder, including oxen bunching. conducted in eastern Bosnia Herzegovina, uneve...

in forest harvesting, there is an ongoing trend to increase constantly the size, power and load of logging machines. this may cause soil degradation in forest ecosystems as the passes of these machines modify important soil structural characteristics. the present study was conducted to examine impact of skidding traffic, trail slope, traffic frequency, and soil depth on bulk density and soil co...