A decision theoretic framework for sample size determination for a clinical trial is presented in which the nal decision whether to use the new treatment is taken by potential users and their medical advisers on the basis of the strength of the evidence provided by the trial. This is more realistic than the usual decision theoretic assumption that both the sample size and terminal decisions are...

• The importance of ventricular size and shape in determining cardiac function has been recognized for over 80 years; the concept is embodied in the Frank-Starling mechanism and in Laplace's law of the heart. However, over this same period, chamber pressure and cardiac output rather than ventricular dimensions have been measured to assess cardiac function, largely because cardiac catheterizatio...

background and purpose: sample size and its determination is one of the most important problems in health researches. calculating sample size for prevalence studies is one of the common questions of sample size topics. minimum sample size with least complexity is desirable in order to achieve the basic goal of these studies. this study aims to compare two formulas of sample size calculation for...

Imputation is a commonly used technique that exploits linkage disequilibrium to infer missing genotypes in genetic datasets, using a well-characterized reference population. While there is agreement that the reference population has to match the ethnicity of the query dataset, it is common practice to use the same reference to impute genotypes for a wide variety of phenotypes. We hypothesized t...

We consider the problem of sample size determination for count data. Such data arise naturally in the context of multicenter (or cluster) randomized clinical trials, where patients are nested within research centers. We consider cluster-specific and population-averaged estimators (maximum likelihood based on generalized mixed-effect regression and generalized estimating equations, respectively)...

We develop a Bayesian approach for calculating sample sizes for clinical trials under the framework of hypothesis tests. We extend the work of Weiss (The Statistician 1997; 46: 185-191) to include composite distributions for the treatment effect and the variance of the data within the null and alternative hypotheses. We select sample sizes using the Bayes factor and the averaged type I error an...

One generalization that is now rather widely accepted in the field of perception is that perceptual qualities are often determined by relational rather than by absolute characteristics of the stimulus. Of the many examples that could be given to illustrate the point we will restrict ourselves to two which have certain formal similarities to the problem we wish to discuss in this paper. The firs...

Light extinction and angular scattering measurements were performed on three species of bacteria with different sizes and shapes (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis). The Gaussian Ray approximation of anomalous diffraction theory was used to determine the average bacteria size from transmission measurements. A rescaled spectra combining multiple angular data wa...

BACKGROUND Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have clinical importance due to their roles in a wide range of biological processes. The detection and characterization of EVs are challenging because of their small size, low refractive index, and heterogeneity. METHODS In this manuscript, the size distribution of an erythrocyte-derived EV sample is determined using state-of-the-art techniques such as ...

Sex determination is a vital step in reconstructing an individual profile from unidentified skeletal remains. Among various skeletal parts, pelvis and skull are traditional sex indicators, but teeth can often be useful when such favor segments are not available. Many studies on sex determination by population’s teeth had been studied and each finding indicated different level of sexual dimorphi...