The wireless sensor network consists of three main components: a large number of small-sized sensors, a remote sink connected to the internet, and a cluster head whose existence depends on the overall network structure. The sensor in the wireless sensor network can be deployed through many ways, such as a simple model, a random walk model, and a random direction model. There were studies that e...

Sink mobility creates new challenges for several sensor network applications. In mobile sink environments, each sink must propagate its current location continuously, through a sensor field, in order to keep all sensor nodes updated with the direction of data forwarding. This method consumes large amounts of energy. Although several protocols, such as DD, TTDD, and SEAD, have been proposed, in ...

The terrestrial carbon sink has been large in recent decades, but its size and location remain uncertain. Using forest inventory data and long-term ecosystem carbon studies, we estimate a total forest sink of 2.4 ± 0.4 petagrams of carbon per year (Pg C year(-1)) globally for 1990 to 2007. We also estimate a source of 1.3 ± 0.7 Pg C year(-1) from tropical land-use change, consisting of a gross ...

In environments where sensor networks are deployed to monitor certain events or sensitive objects, attackers may deduce the approximated location of monitored objects by hop-by-hop backtracking the traffic. This paper proposes a routing technique to provide adequate source-location privacy with balanced energy consumption, the Phantom Routing based on Annular Zone (AZR). With this technique, th...

During the routing of global interconnects, macro blocks form useful routing regions which allow wires to go through but forbid bu ers to be inserted. They give restrictions on bu er locations. In this paper, we take these bu er location restrictions into consideration and solve the simultaneous maze routing and bu er insertion problem. Given a block placement de ning bu er location restriction...

In a multihop Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), a salient point among routing protocols that do not depend on network topology and existence of neighboring nodes is the need to know sensor node’s geographical location with respect to the sink node. This is obtained by some means like Global Positioning System (GPS) and localization techniques. In a prior work, we have proposed RSSI-based Forwardin...

The point coverage, sink location and data routing problems are considered in an integrated way and two new mixed integer programming formulations are proposed. As these models are computationally difficult to solve, a nested solution procedure is proposed. The best sensor locations are sought by tabu search in the top level. Given the sensor locations, a simpler formulation is obtained and the...

Many localization algorithm proposed for wireless sensor networks(WSN) . Localization is a term that can be defined as the determination of the exact physical location of each sensor node in a geographic map or to find its relative location from a topology map in a given network structure. Many localization algorithms for MWSN are less accurate and more time consuming. Localization In this pape...

In this study, the enhancement of the heat release performance of an extruded-type heat sink to prepare the large-capacity solar inverter thru the flow holes in the base plate near the heat sources was investigated. Optimal location and number of the holes in the baseplate were determined by using a commercial computation program. The heat release performance of the shape-modified heat sink was...

In this paper we propose an energy-efficient self-organizing global extremity reporting scheme for wireless sensor networks. The proposed scheme assists applications of periodic reporting of extreme values (such as maximum or minimum temperature/pressure) across a wireless sensor field, back to the sink. Furthermore, an event-driven counterpart is supplied for individual sensor nodes to supply ...