This section covers basic topics and illustrates the technical notion of a computational effect with several mathematical and programming examples. In everyday language, a “side effect” refers to the unintended or unforeseen consequences of an action. By analogy, in order to identify the side effect of a given computation, it is first necessary to isolate the “publicly stated” or “publicly expe...

        The administration of b-interferon is a recognized treatment for multiple sclerosis. The frequency of side effects is an important factor in drug or product selection. In this study, the side effects of three available b<span style="font-family: TimesNew...

Background & aim: The developing countries have the contraceptive prevalence rate of 43%. Contraceptive discontinuation accounts for a large number of unintended pregnancies in these countries. The present study aimed to investigate the factors associated with Cyclofem discontinuation. Methods: This historical cohort study was conducted on 198 females, selected through cluster and Poisson sampl...

The paper empirically studies whether pharmaceutical firms uses advertising as a signal for high quality drugs. A nested random effects count data hurdle model is introduced to handle the excess number of zero observations in the sample as well as nested random drug, firm and substance specific effects. The empirical study indicate that drug quality (measured as the number of side-effects) do n...

Curiosity about codeine can lead to copious information, so first it?s good to focus on the basics. Codeine is a prescription opioid/narcotic analgesic [2] that?s typically used to reduce coughing or to relieve mild to moderate pain by acting on the central nervous system (CNS, more on this later). That said, it?s good to be aware of potential risks associated with taking this medication. Codei...

Curiosity about codeine can lead to copious information, so first it?s good to focus on the basics. Codeine is a prescription opioid/narcotic analgesic [2] that?s typically used to reduce coughing or to relieve mild to moderate pain by acting on the central nervous system (CNS, more on this later). That said, it?s good to be aware of potential risks associated with taking this medication. Codei...