Previous research on #3 nursery container-grown shrubs suggests that some common shrub species could be established in the Florida landscape under natural rainfall when irrigated with 3 L of water every 4 days in U.S. Department of Agriculture hardiness zones 8b and 9a or every 2 days in zone 10b until first roots reached the canopy edge ( 20 weeks after planting). The current study evaluated t...

Deputy Director for Conservation Research, South African Forestry Research Institute, Department of Water Affairs, Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Pretoria, Republic of South Africa. Abstract--Regulating fire frequency in Cape fynbos areas causes marked changes in vegetation. Very frequent fire eliminates seeding shrubs with long youth periods; infrequent fire reduces shrubs because of...

alancing the global carbon budget just got more difficult. For decades, there has been debate over what happens to the carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels and clearing of tropical rainforests. About half of it accumulates in the atmosphere 1,2 , prompting concerns about global warming. The ocean and land take up the rest, acting as carbon sinks, and understanding where and ...

Both engineered hydraulic systems and plant hydraulic systems are protected against failure by resistance, reparability, and redundancy. A basic rule of reliability engineering is that the level of independent redundancy should increase with increasing risk of fatal system failure. Here we show that hydraulic systems of plants function as predicted by this engineering rule. Hydraulic systems of...

Motivated by the theory of operads, we introduce new combinatorial objects, called shrubs, that generalize forests of rooted trees. We show that the species of shrubs is isomorphic to the species of series-parallel posets. Résumé. Motivé par des considérations sur les opérades, on introduit de nouveaux objets combinatoires, appelés arbustes, qui généralisent les forêts d’arbres enracinés. On mo...

The Collared Crescentchest (Melanopareia torquata) is a small insectivore endemic to the Cerrado. We examine the habitat use of this bird in a preserved Cerrado area in southeastern Brazil. Despite its occurrence in grassland with shrubs, the species used these areas less frequently than expected. The Collared Crescentchest mainly used areas of campo cerrado, but it was not recorded in a distur...