Ectodomain shedding (shedding) is a post-translational modification, which liberates the extracellular domain of membrane proteins through juxtamembrane processing executed mainly by the ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloprotease) family of metalloproteases. Because shedding alters characteristics of cells in a rapid and irreversible manner, it should be strictly regulated. However, the molecular ...

Bovine vaccinia (BV), caused by Vaccinia virus (VACV), is a zoonosis characterized by exanthematous lesions in the teats of dairy cows and the hands of milkers and is an important public health issue. Severe VACV-induced lesions in the teats and udder of cows and buffaloes could lead to mastitis and other secondary infections, thereby reducing productivity and resulting in economic losses to th...

Clostridium difficile is an important bacterial pathogen of humans and a variety of animal species, where it can cause significant medical problems. The major public health concern is the possibility of inapparent animal reservoirs of C. difficile and shedding of bacteria to noninfected individuals or populations, as well as being a source of food contamination. Migrating birds can be a key epi...

A live attenuated Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) capable of constitutively secreting detoxified double mutant Escherichia coli heat labile toxin (dmLT) was developed. The biologically adjuvanted strain was generated via transformation of a highly immunogenic SE JOL1087 with a plasmid encoding dmLT gene cassette; the resultant strain was designated JOL1641. A balanced-lethal host-vector system stab...

Moving object environments are characterized by large numbers of objects continuously sending location updates. At times, data arrival rates may spike up, causing the load on the system to exceed its capacity. This may result in increased output latencies, potentially leading to invalid or obsolete answers. Dropping data randomly, the most frequently used approach in the literature for load she...

The underrepresentation of women in engineering is often explained by gender differences in interests or abilities, learning environments and learning styles, or the uncertainty of the job market. But young women in Norway have largely overcome many of the traditional gender differences, and the job market is favourable. However, female engineering students lack role models and networks. Many l...

People v. Simpson, dubbed by many as "the trial of the century," was an expensive court case that taxed Los Angeles County's coffers. Many creative, and occasionally unconstitutional, proposals were suggested to lessen the county's hardship, but none were implemented. While the Simpson case may have captured the nation's attention, it was a poor justification to radically alter how the courts' ...

Th e Impact of Spoilers on Peace Processes and Peacebuilding M ceasefires and peace agreements in civil wars are initially unsuccessful and give way to renewed violence. In other cases, peace processes have become interminably protracted: lengthy and circular negotiations in which concessions are rare and even if agreements are reached they falter at the implementation phase. State-building and...