Since different social structures impose dissimilar consequences upon outputs, the precursor to evaluating the doctrinal consequences that a given topology imposes is a descriptive effort to characterize its physical properties. Given the difficulty associated with obtaining appropriate data for federal judges, it is necessary to rely upon a proxy measure to paint a picture of the social landsc...

vengeance is developed in order to oblige the debtors to return their debts and to support those creditors who, for administration of justice, cannot deliver any acceptable document to the machinery of justice. the exercise of vengeance is applicable, sometimes by taking back the corpus of usurped property and some other times by taking an intervenient exchange. religious jurists have different...

according to the famous or, better said, the unanimous judicial decree (fatwa) of the muslim jurists, the marriage of a muslim man to an unbelieving woman who adheres to any faith other than those of the people of the book (ahl al-kitāb) is prohibited. although this judicial decree is based on definite evidences such as certain verses of the qur’an, consensus of the jurists, and a number of tra...

Abstract Numerous Roman grants to local communities of the right use law survive in contemporaneous copies starting second century BCE. Contemporaneous with these autonomy, Rome urged institutional changes that reconstituted elites as aristocracies office. By contrast, evidence individuals identified themselves experts survives bulk only CE. The paper urges superimposition courts instance creat...

ebn al-hanbal in his books including al-mosnad and fazael al-sahabeh and his traditional contents in history and chronology has paid a dignifying, supporting and respectful look at the household of the prophet. although he has been amongst prime movers of traditionalism and salafism, he played a significant role in shattering anti-ali atmosphere of ottoman and that of marvan.  his role and effo...