The ability to retrieve basic arithmetic facts from long-term memory contributes to individual and perhaps sex differences in mathematics achievement. The current study tracked the codevelopment of preference for using retrieval over other strategies to solve single-digit addition problems, independent of accuracy, and skilled use of retrieval (i.e., accuracy and reaction time [RT]) from first ...

Using data from the Census of India and the National Family Health Survey (NFHS), this paper analyzes trends in child sex ratios (0-6 years of age) and the increase in son preference in India. Latest census data (2011) shows that the child sex ratios (females per 1,000 males) have decreased compared to data from the last five decades. Increasing son preference and neglect of daughters is occurr...

A majority of birds are socially monogamous, providing exceptional opportunities to discover neuroendocrine mechanisms underlying preferences for opposite-sex partners where the sexes form extended affiliative relationships. Zebra finches have been the focus of the most systematic program of research to date in any socially monogamous animal. In this species, sexual partner preference can be pa...

We model parental sex selection and the equilibrium sex ratio. With intrinsic son preference, sex selection results in a male-biased sex ratio. This is ine¢ cient, due to a marriage market congestion externality. Medical innovations that facilitate selection increase ine¢ ciency. If son preference arises endogenously, due to population growth causing an excess of women on the marriage market, s...

Two instruments were developed and standardized on first-, second-, and third-grade boys and girls. The Toy Preference Test (TPT) measures sex-role preference, and/or Stereotypic Sex-Role Concepts of masculinity (SRCm) and femininity (SRCf), depending upon the instructions used for administration. The Rating Scale for Children (RSC) taps sex-role adoption. Subjects were at least third generatio...

Volume 35,Number 1,March 2009 A strong cultural preference for sons exists in many countries in East and South Asia.1,2 Sons are more prized than daughters in these countries for a variety of social and economic reasons, including their financial and labor contributions to the family, their ability to support their parents and their perpetuation of the family name.3 In some countries, especiall...

Individuals of species that change sex from male to female may gain a ‘‘size advantage’’ from that sex change; that is, as males become larger, they become female, thus increasing their fecundity with their size. However, males could also gain an early and different reproductive size advantage by choosing large females as mates. While male preference for large females has been observed in many ...

1. Results: It will be helpful to include a brief statement on why some women were excluded from the present analysis, e.g. due to missing data? Response: Thank for spotting this omission. We have revised the text as follows: Of 1,295 women screened for eligibility, 535 were randomly assigned to a doctor and 542 to a nurse or ANM. Nineteen women were lost-to-follow up in the former group and 27...

While a number of studies have examined gender preferences for children by studying behavioral measures, such as skewed sex ratios, sex imbalance in infant mortality, and sibling size/order; attitudinal measures have been analyzed less systematically. Using 50 Demographic and Health Surveys conducted between 2000 and 2008, this paper seeks to advance our understanding of gender preferences in d...