C urrent controversies over presidential power suggest. that significant separation of powers depends on the existence of some effective counterweight to the executive ruler, which in turn presupposes a disposition to restrain the ruler that does not come from the ruler himself. One might conclude that schemes for separation of powers grow out of either a fundamental opposition to ruling or at ...

Abstract Over the last few decades, several countries have entrenched a special subcategory of law, which is adopted by stricter procedural rules than requirements ordinary legislative process. These laws are enacted qualified majority, consent two chambers legislation, and subject to mandatory constitutional review before their promulgation, or additional safeguards implemented in It beyond do...