Modern neuroscience has come to accept the challenge of understanding consciousness (Crick and Koch, 2003; Dehaene and Changeux, 2011). A major finding has been the discovery that there are conscious and unconscious systems in the brain (top and bottom of Figure 1, Lisman and Sternberg, 2013) and the development of methods for manipulating whether a sensory input will be consciously or unconsci...

The importance of sensory information for the guidance of animal behavior is reflected by a fascinating wealth of sensory organs. These exhibit an enormous variety due to different evolutionary potentials and needs of individual species. All sensory organs and their neuronal pathways have to be tuned to the reception and perception of the biologically relevant stimulus patterns as they occur in...

The central projection of the fish lateral line displays somatotopic ordering. In order to know when and how this ordering is established, we have labelled single sensory neurones and followed the growth of their neurites. We show that the neuromast cells and the corresponding neurones are not related by a fixed lineage, and also that somatotopic differences between anterior and posterior line ...

Ten phosphatized specimens of a small (<180 micrometers) animal displaying clear bilaterian features have been recovered from the Doushantuo Formation, China, dating from 40 to 55 million years before the Cambrian. Seen in sections, this animal (Vernanimalcula guizhouena gen. et sp. nov.) had paired coeloms extending the length of the gut; paired external pits that could be sense organs; bilate...

Animals use acoustic signals to communicate and to obtain information about their environment. The processing of acoustic signals is initiated at auditory sense organs, where mechanosensory hair cells convert sound-induced vibrations into electrical signals. Although the biophysical principles underlying the mechanotransduction process in hair cells have been characterized in much detail over t...

The lateral-line system is a simple sensory system comprising a number of discrete sense organs, the neuromasts, distributed over the body of fish and amphibians in species-specific patterns. Its development involves fundamental biological processes such as long-range cell migration, planar cell polarity, regeneration, and post-embryonic remodeling. These aspects have been extensively studied i...

The sense of taste allows animals to detect chemical substances in their environment to initiate appropriate behaviors: to find food or a mate, to avoid hostile environments and predators. Drosophila larvae are a promising model organism to study gustation. Their simple nervous system triggers stereotypic behavioral responses, and the coding of taste can be studied by genetic tools at the singl...

I briefly review empirical data about the generalization of acquired behaviour to novel stimuli, showing that variations in stimulus intensity affect behaviour differently from variations in characteristics such as, for instance, visual shape or sound frequency. I argue that such differences can be seen already in how the sense organs react to changes in intensity compared to changes in other s...

In one of his scientific papers von Békésy describes that on board a ship he became interested in how the fog horn was made, since he had been struck by the fact that the fog signal which was heard for many miles at sea, was practically inaudible in the cabin of the ship. This episode serves as an introduction to a paper analysing those properties of the ear the functions of which are to give t...

Značaj povreda grudnog koša određuje, pre svega, prisustvo vitalnih organa i struktura smeštenih u grudnoj duplji, njihova učestalost, težina, vitalna ugroženost, smrtnost i mogućnost da se pomogne većini povređenih, ako se na vreme povrede prepoznaju i preduzmu reanimacijske mere i pruži odgovarajuća prva pomoć, a zatim i hirurško lečenje . Kada govorimo o povredama grudnog koša, mislimo u prv...