CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS: Robin Alvares, PhD, CCCSLP; Marnee Brick, MSc, S-LP; Kelly J. Brown, MA; Michael F. Campbell, MS, MBA, CCC-SLP; Charles H. Carlin, PhD, CCC-SLP; Emily L. Carlin, MA, CCC-SLP; Gabriella Constantinescu, PhD, BSpPath (Hons); Sena Crutchley, MS, CCC-SLP; Dimity Dornan, AM, Associate Professor UQ, HonDUniv USQ, BSpThy, FSPAA, CpSp, LSLS Cert AVT; Anne M. Fleming, MA; Rodney Gab...

let $r$ be a commutative ring with identity. let $g(r)$ denote the maximal graph associated to $r$, i.e., $g(r)$ is a graph with vertices as the elements of $r$, where two distinct vertices $a$ and $b$ are adjacent if and only if there is a maximal ideal of $r$ containing both. let $gamma(r)$ denote the restriction of $g(r)$ to non-unit elements of $r$. in this paper we study the various graphi...

a 2-year-old boy was born at term of healthy, non-consanguineous iranian parents. his mother attended in the clinic with the history of sometimes discoloration of diapers after passing urine. she noticed that first at the age of one month with intensified in recent months. his physical examination and growth parameters were normal. his mother denied taking any medication (sorbitol, nitrofuranto...