This study attempted to systematically inspect the impact of direct and indirect corrective feedbacks on the writing ability of EFL learners when using product/process based instructions. To do so, 110 female EFL learners, between the ages of 15 and 18, were randomly assigned into four experimental groups to receive four different kinds of treatments, namely product-based instruction with direc...

We consider four operads which are different varieties of the cacti operad. These are cacti without local zeros (or spines) and cacti proper as well as both varieties with fixed constant size one of the constituting loops. We show that both types of cacti are a semi–direct products as operads of their normalized versions with a re–scaling operad based on R>0 which are homotopic to direct produc...