We consider the question “How much strong generative power can be squeezed out of a formal system without increasing its weak generative power?” and propose some theoretical and practical constraints on this problem. We then introduce a formalism which, under these constraints, maximally squeezes strong generative power out of context-free grammar. Finally, we generalize this result to formalis...

A redundancy allocation problem (RAP) is a well-known NP-hard problem that involves the selection of elements and redundancy levels to maximize the system reliability under various system-level constraints. In many practical design situations, reliability apportionment is complicated because of the presence of several conflicting objectives that cannot be combined into a single-objective functi...

With constrained portfolios contingent claims do not generally have a unique price that rules out arbitrage opportunities. Earlier studies have demonstrated that when there are constraints on the hedge portfolio, a no-arbitrage price interval for any contingent claim exists. I consider the more realistic case where the constraints are imposed on the total portfolio of each investor and define r...

In this paper a new integrated model of the dynamic environmental/economic dispatch (DEED) problem and emergency demand response program (EDRP) has been presented by which their interactions are investigated. DEED schedules the online generators power output over the whole dispatch period subject to some practical constraints so that the fuel costs and emission are optimized simultaneously. EDR...

Fixed charge solid transportation problems are formulated as profit maximization problems under a budget constraint at each destination. Here item is purchased in different depots at different prices. Accordingly the item is transported to different destinations from different depots using different vehicles. Unitsare sold from different destinations to the customers at different selling prices...

BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY Community pharmacists' role in the sale and supply of emergency hormonal contraception (EHC) represents an opportunity to increase EHC availability and utilise pharmacists' expertise but little is known about pharmacists' attendant ethical concerns. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were undertaken with 23 UK pharmacists to explore their views and ethical concern...

This study uses the Bayesian approach to examine the incremental contribution of stock characteristics to the investment opportunity set in U.K. stock returns. The paper finds that size, book-to-market (BM) ratio, and momentum characteristics all make a significant incremental contribution to the investment opportunity set when there is unrestricted short selling. However, no short selling cons...

We explore fundamental issues of the modeling, implementation, and processing of non-binary constraints. General techniques for reformulating non-binary constraints (i.e., hidden variable, dual graph [1]) are not practical for high-arity constraints [4]. In our study, we motivate our need to express practical requirements as non-binary constraints, then we explore reformulation methods to deal ...