imaging of the kidneys and urinary tract has a significant and critical role for diagnosis of genitourinary system diseases. although technological progress goes toward less invasive approaches, some of the current methods are still invasive and annoying. voiding cystourethrography (vcug) is the best and most accurate method for diagnosis and grading of vesicoureteral refl ux. vcug is a distres...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Nitric oxide (NO) plays a role in thermoregulation and growth of protozoa. This work aimed to add the molecule NO in physiology of protozoa in contact with abused narcotic substances. MATERIALS AND METHODS A sedative drug, morphine, was infused into a cell chamber containing Paramecia. The cell response to the drug was recorded promptly after drug infusion using a po...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Various antiepileptics, sedative and anesthetic agents are used in the neurocritical care setting and therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) has been proposed as a means to individualize dosing to ensure efficacy, avoid toxicity, and to account for drug-drug interactions. The purpose of this review is to highlight key articles relating to TDM published in the last 5 years with a fo...

BACKGROUND Many anesthetics reduce lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP) and consequently the gastro-esophageal pressure gradient (GEPG); thus they may promote gastro-esophageal reflux and contribute to aspiration pneumonia. Our goals were to evaluate the association between LESP and 2 measures of sedation: bispectral index (BIS) and the responsiveness component of the Observer's Assessmen...

Many patients are admitted to intensive care unit for acute intoxication, serious complication of overdose or withdrawal symptoms of illicit drugs. Acute withdrawal of drug with addiction potential is associated with sympathetic over-activity leading to marked psychomimetic disturbances. Acute intoxication or withdrawal of such drugs are often associated with life threatening complication which...

BACKGROUND This plant is very popular ingredient of local made drinks during hot summer. After drinking this drink people feels fresh, relaxed and can enjoy sound sleep. Present study was aimed to assess the sedative properties of a plant Sterculia villosa leaves. Therefore, we tried to find out the methanolic extract from the leaves of Sterculia villosa leaves having any sedative activity or n...

Fish display robust neuroendocrine and physiologic stress responses to noxious stimuli. Many anesthetic, sedative, or analgesic drugs used in other vertebrates reduce stress in fi sh, decrease handling trauma, minimize movement and physiologic changes in response to nociceptive stimuli, and can be used for euthanasia. But extrapolating from limited published anesthetic and sedative data to all ...