Seawalls are built for Protecting of beaches against waves and preventing the progression of water to the beach. For a proper understanding about these constructions, a suiTable information about applied loads on these constructions should be existed. One of the important load that applied on these constructions is sea wave. Others loads are included: weight force of the walls, weight force of ...

A bather on holiday in Kenya injured a finger on a spiny marine creature living on the sea bed. A skin biopsy specimen from the injured finger contained several black spines about 0.5 mm in diameter and up to 1.5 cm in length. Spines removed from the specimen were embedded in plastic resin to facilitate transverse sectioning. Light microscopical examination using crossed polarisers showed an or...

Future sea-level rise will have significant impacts on populations living in costal regions, and the development of coastal infrastructure. Adaptation to these changes to minimize the negative consequences requires improved sea-level rise predictions. While there are several contributors to changes in sea level, future changes in the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets are perhaps the least unde...

1 This paper proposes an original method for the classiication of sea-oors from high resolution sidescan sonar images. We aim at classifying the sonar images into ve kinds of regions: sand, pebbles, rocks, ripples and dunes. The proposed method adopts a pattern recognition approach based on the extraction and the analysis of the cast shadows exhibited by each sea-bottom type. This method consis...

The smooth clam Callista chione (Linnaeus, 1758), is distributed on sandy bottoms throughout the Mediterranean Sea and European Atlantic coasts over 0-180 m depth range (SALAS, 2011). This species is of great commercial interest in Spain, and is intensively exploited along the Catalan coast (DOGC, 2008). Catches have dramatically decreased over the recent years, threatening the biological and e...

red beds, conglomerates and salt were considered azoic and problematic rocks, but paleopalynology and inorganic geochemistry proved to be useful for placing them in time and space. in the early last century, in mexican ne region, only three mesozoic red bed units were differentiated, dated as late triassic to late jurassic. it was important tratigraphically to place them properly as they were c...