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Driven by advances in information and communication technology, computing infrastructures continue to grow in size and complexity while people increasingly depend on them. To better master their inherent scale and complexity, modern computing systems are often designed to be self-managing. They are aware of their state as well as of their environment so that they can dynamically react on change...

In software testing, the small-scope hypothesis states that a high proportion of errors can be found by testing a program for all test inputs within some small scope. In this paper, we evaluate the small-scope hypothesis for answer-set programming (ASP). To this end, we follow work in traditional testing and base our evaluation on mutation analysis. In fact, we show that a rather limited scope ...

1. Syntax of focus Example (1) illustrates the locus/scope/antecedent syntax for focus. Focused phrases are marked with a feature F (Jackendoff 1972). The operator ∼k marks the scope of F (Rooth 1992), and index k marks an antecedent in the syntax or discourse representation with respect to which the scope of the focus is partially redundant. Redundancy is characterized semantically either in t...

Insufficient sensitivity to scope remains one of the pivots of criticism addressed at validity of stated preference methods. Many studies demonstrate failure of a scope test of some sort, while many others show that WTP responses are sensitive to the scope of environmental change. Despite some existing explanations and reasons for insensitivity to scope (embedding, warm glow, uncertainty over s...