1. Urinary stones 1.1 Pathogenesis 1.2 Classification of stones 1.2.1 Calcium stones 1.2.2 Uric Acid Stones 1.2.3 Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate Stones, struvite or infection stones 1.2.4 Cystine 1.3 Risk factors 1.3.1 Non-genetic factors 1.3.1.1 Diet 1.3.1.2 Body size 1.3.1.3 Environment 1.3.2 Genetic factors 2. Other urological stones: Testicular microlithiasis 3. Biliary and gallbladder stones...

A new species of abertellid sand dollar, Abertella miskellyi n. sp., is described from the Miocene Camarones Formation of Patagonia, southern Argentina. The new taxon corroborates the existence of the genus in South America, given that Abertella is most common in the southeastern USA and the eastern coast of Central America. It is characterized by a unique basicoronal circle, in which the inter...

BACKGROUND To develop a method for systematic classification of gallbladder stones, analyze the clinical characteristics of each type of stone and provide a theoretical basis for the study of the formation mechanism of different types of gallbladder stones. METHODOLOGY A total of 807 consecutive patients with gallbladder stones were enrolled and their gallstones were studied. The material com...

Organisms with external fertilization are often sperm limited, and in echinoids, larger eggs have a higher probability of fertilization than smaller eggs. This difference is thought to be a result of the more frequent sperm-egg collisions experienced by larger targets. Here we report how two components of egg target size, the egg cell and jelly coat, contributed to fertilization success in a se...

With the rise of concrete pumping construction technology, high-mobility has been more and widely used. However, high fluidity is prepared with sand ratio small stones, which weakens volume stability aggregate as a skeleton. Therefore, instability often appears in practical application large concrete. At present, research on interface feature extraction still relatively scarce. In this paper, t...

Complex life cycles have evolved independently numerous times in marine animals as well as in disparate algae. Such life histories typically involve a dispersive immature stage followed by settlement and metamorphosis to an adult stage on the sea floor. One commonality among animals exhibiting transitions of this type is that their larvae pass through a 'precompetent' period in which they do no...

urolithiasis has become a worldwide problem with the prevalence of the disease increasing over the past few decades. while various treatment modalities have evolved over the years, discrepancies exist regarding the clinical indications and the efficacy of each of these treatment options. in the present review, we aim to review the current treatment modalities for urinary tract stones to provide...