As specified by Axelrod in his seminal work An Evolutionary Approach to Norms (Axelrod, 1986), punishment is a key mechanism to achieve the necessary social control and to impose social norms in a self-regulated society. In this paper, we distinguish between two enforcing mechanisms punishment and sanction, focusing on the specific ways in which they favor the emergence and maintenance of coope...

This paper proposes a logic of transgressions for obligations and permissions. A key objective of this logic is to allow deontic conflicts (Lemmon 1962) but without appealing to defeasible or paraconsistent reasoning, or multiple levels of obligation. This logic of transgressions can be viewed as conceptually related to those approaches that formulate obligations in terms of “escaping” from a s...

This paper analyzes whether the behavior of potential offenders can be guided by information on the actual detection probability transmitted by the policy maker. It is established that, when viewed as a cheap-talk game, the existence of equilibria with information transmission depends on the level of the sanction, the level of costs related to imposing the sanction, and the level of social harm...

the impact of the international sanctions on the central bank of iran in 2013 and also accessibility of medicines in this country have received a lot of media coverage. in this study we used the data collected from a group of pharmacies all located in tehran to assess the potential effects of the banking sanctions on access to asthma medicines. data were collected from forty community pharmacie...