Despite growing concern and research interest in plant invasions, we know very little about ecological processes involved during invasion episodes. Understanding these dynamics is especially important for habitats subject to reestablishment of historical disturbance regimes; because many invasive species respond positively to disturbance, interactions between colonizing natives and nonnatives a...

In this paper, we give a completely elementary proof of Ramanujan’s circular summation formula of theta functions and its generalizations given by S. H. Chan and Z. -G. Liu, who used the theory of elliptic functions. In contrast to all other proofs, our proofs are elementary. An application of this summation formula is given.

Dioecy distributed in 157 flowering plant families and 959 flowering plant genera. Morphological and physiological differences between male and female plants have been studied extensively, but studies of sex-specific genetic diversity are relatively scarce in dioecious plants. In this study, 20 SSR loci were employed to examine the genetic variance of male subpopulations and female subpopulatio...

Both the direct effects of warming on a species' vital rates and indirect effects of warming caused by interactions with neighboring species can influence plant populations. Furthermore, herbivory mediates the effects of warming on plant community composition in many systems. Thus, determining the importance of direct and indirect effects of warming, while considering the role of herbivory, can...

i (1) We investigated interactions between snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) and their food plants in winter during a cyclic fluctuation in numbers at Kluane, Yukon, between 1977 and 1985. • (2) The winter diet of hares at Kluane was dominated by four species of shrubs and trees. Betula glandulosa, the most preferred species, was common on only four of nine study plots. Salix glauca was eaten m...