This paper describes results of our survey of licensing at 62 research universities. We consider ownership, income splits, stage of development, marketing, license policies and characteristics, goals of licensing and the role of the inventor in licensing. Based on these results we analyze the relationship between licensing outcomes and both the objectives of the TTO and the characteristics of t...

We examine commonly observed forms of payment, such as milestones, royalties, or consulting contracts as ways of engaging inventors in the development of licensed inventions. We show that when milestones are feasible, royalties are not optimal unless the licensing firm is risk averse. The model also predicts the use of consulting contracts which improve the firm’s ability to monitor inventor ef...

This article examines the importance of path dependence effects in impeding the diffusion of high throughput mechanized mining systems in the British coal industry. It demonstrates that the industry had become ‘locked in’ to low throughput underground haulage technology, on account of institutional interrelatedness between Britain’s traditional practice of extensive in-seam mining and its uniqu...

This article considers the problem of patent licensing in a Cournot oligopoly under a class of general demand functions. We consider two cases, the case where the innovator is an outsider and the one where it is one of the incumbent firms. The licensing policies considered are upfront fees, royalties and combinations of the two. It is shown that (i) for generic values of magnitudes of the innov...

Bleak outlook lor 1988 at Great Ormond Street Hospital - it's the year when the copyright runs out for M Barrie's evergreen Peter Pan. The royalties, donated by the author to the hard-pressed hospital, will no longer be coming in.

Employment or Leadership: None declared. Consultant or Advisory Role: None declared. Stock Ownership: In accordance with the Bayh–Dole Act of 1980 and Mayo Foundation policy, the authors disclose that V.A. Lennon, as inventor, stands to receive royalties for commercial assays to detect aquaporin-4– specific autoantibodies. The intellectual property is licensed to a commercial entity for the dev...