background: contralateral axillary metastasis (cam) is a rare entity in patients with breast cancer which can occur during the primary breast cancer or its follow-up. different treatment modalities include surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, but there is no agreement on them. in our review, we found 12 series with available data, 82 patients with synchronous or metachronous contralateral a...

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess thyroid function in breast cancer patients exposed to therapeutic external beam radiation. The focus was on possible progressive changes and any relationships between the incidence of primary hypothyroidism, the time required to become hypothyroid, and factors such as chemotherapy, hormonotherapy and immunotherapy. Materials and Methods: Seventy fe...

The risk of salivary gland cancer (SGC) is increased in atomic bomb survivors and after radiotherapy, but other risk factors are not well established. Some studies have suggested an association of SGC with breast cancer and with exposure to various viruses or UVB radiation. Corroborating evidence of these associations was sought by using population-based registries to examine the demographic di...

abnormalities of the thyroid gland are among the most frequent endocrine complications observed in childhood cancer survivors. we report an 11 years old girl who developed central hypothyroidism and acth deficiency during the chemotherapy for cns relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia before receiving radiotherapy. keywords: thyroid gland, hypothyroidism, chemotherapy, acute lymphoblastic leuk...

BACKGROUND Thyroid cancer is one of the most common secondary cancers after treatment of malignancy in childhood or adolescence. Thyroid gland is very sensitive to the carcinogenic effect of ionizing radiation, especially in children. Imbalance between pro- and anti-oxidant factors may play a role in thyroid carcinogenesis. Our study aimed to assess the relationship between genetic variability ...

Bystander or non-targeted effect is known to be an interesting phenomenon in radiobiology. The genetic consequences of bystander effect on non-irradiated cells have shown that this phenomenon can be considered as one of the most important factors involved in secondary cancer after exposure to ionizing radiation. Every year, millions of people around the world undergo radiotherapy in order to cu...

background: there has been increasing trend towards surgical treatment of metastases across different cancer types, including breast cancer, in the recent decade. single metastasis of breast cancer to sternum is a rare situation. we present a case of sternectomy for metastasis from breast cancer. case presentation: a 58-year-old woman with a history of modified radical mastectomy for breast can...

background and objective: hypothyroidism is a known consequence of the external beam radiotherapy to the neck encompassing the thyroid gland for over 40 years. the aim of this study was to find out the incidence of hypothyroidism in patients with head and neck cancer treated with radiotherapy, when radiation portals included whole of the thyroid gland. materials and methods: this prospective no...