Ophthalmic anesthesia plays a crucial role in eye surgery. However, the conventional practice of this process is blind procedure, which needle inserted blindly into cadaver. This paper introduces tip tracking system for ophthalmic training focusing on Retrobulbar block procedure. The study presents development prototyped using Hall effect sensor arrays to track 5D magnetized (X, Y, Z, θ, φ ). o...

Background: At present, there is no consensus for optimal orbital infection management in invasive fungal rhinosinusitis patients. This the first retrospective cohort study aimed to determine efficacy and side effects of retrobulbar amphotericin B injection Methodology: A chart review was conducted from 2005 2020. Thirty-six patients (forty-two orbits) diagnosed with invasion, treated or withou...

Within 48 hours after an intraperitoneal injection of sodium cyanide, abnormalities are evident in the retrobulbar portion of rat optic nerves. Electron microscopy initially shows swelling of astrocytes but progressively increasing damage, primarily to axones, is evident later. Six weeks after intoxication the retrobulbar segment of the nerves are devastated but the retinas and prechiasmal port...