High traffic demands have led to widening of existing highways to accommodate increased traffic volume. However, due to the high cost of additional right-of-way and limited space available at job sites, construction of earth retaining walls is often done under a constrained space. This leads to retaining walls that are narrower than in design guidelines. This type of walls is referred as “Narro...

Abstract: The design of retaining walls requires the complete knowledge of the earth pressure distribution behind the wall. Due to the complex soil-structure effect, the estimation of earth pressure is not an easy task; even in the static case. The problem becomes even more complex for the dynamic (i.e., seismic) analysis and design of retaining walls. Several earth pressure models have been de...