The utility problem occurs when the cost of the acquired knowledge outweighs its benefits. When the learner acquires control knowledge for speeding up a problem solver, the benefit is the speedup gained due to the better control, and the cost is the added time required by the control procedure due to the added knowledge. Previous work in this area was mainly concerned with the costs of matching...

the goal of human development as can be understood by concept is to benefit every person in his / her life. it means improvement in living quality & standards. while the extension of employment and increasing of income are necessary , they are not the goals of development, but means to extend human development. the goal of development is to grow and extend of human abilities. human development ...

Resource-based theory views the firm as a bundle of resources administrated and coordinated by managers. We introduce the theoretical lens of Penrose effect to IS research, which refers to the fact that finite managerial capacities will suffer if the complexity of resource coordination is high. Therefore, although investment in knowledge-related assets, such as information technology (IT) and h...

in this paper, based on the background of cost-oriented assembly line balancing problems, a novel mathematical model for scheduling and balancing the assembly line is offered that with the combination of task sequence-dependent setup time, parallel stations and resource constraint, minimizes the operational and investment costs of assembly system. due to the complexity of the problem, the equat...

We consider a simple political-economic model where capitalist investment is constrained by the government's temptation to expropriate. Political liberalization can relax this constraint, increasing the government's revenue, but also increasing the ruler's political risks. We analyze the ruler's optimal liberalization, where our measure of political liberalization is the probability of the rule...

Although significant private investment is absorbed in different sectors of power systems, transmission sector is still suffering from appropriate private investment. This is because of the pricing policies of transmission services, tariffs, and especially for investment risks. Investment risks are due to the uncertain behaviour of power systems that discourage investors to invest in the transm...

Background: Explaining public-goods cooperation is a challenge for evolutionary biology. However, cooperation is expected to more readily evolve if it imposes a smaller cost. Such costs of cooperation are expected to decline with increasing resource supply, an ecological parameter that varies widely in nature. We experimentally tested the effect of resource supply on the evolution of cooperatio...