Henk W.M. Gazendam and John L. Simons Faculty of Management and Organization Groningen University, The Netherlands Abstract This article analyzes how the equilibrium concept is used in four organization theories: the theories of Fayol, Mintzberg, Morgan, and Volberda. Equilibrium can be defined as balance, fit or requisite variety. Equilibrium is related to observables dependent on the definiti...

Commentators have rightly focused on the reasons why Hume maintains that conclusions of skeptical arguments cannot be believed, as well role these play in Hume's justification his account mind. Nevertheless, interpreters should take more seriously question whether holds are demonstrations. Only if demonstrations do they requisite status to prove point—and justify confidence—about nature mind's ...

Expert systems have generated a lot of interest in both academia and industry. The development of tools, techniques, and methodologies drawn from from artificial intelligence (Al) for building expert systems have not been matched by proposals for evaluating and assesing them. This paper examines the assessment problem in the context of two distinct perspectives of expert systems in the spectrum...

A multi-tier supply chain is a complex system as it covers focal company and multiple tiers of suppliers in network. This study explores the complexity sustainable management (SSCM) through social systems theory perspective. We carried out case on IKEA China’s cotton initiative examined its five cotton-textile chains. The primary data were collected 22 semi-structured interviews with managers C...