PURPOSE Standards for reporting exist for many types of quantitative research, but currently none exist for the broad spectrum of qualitative research. The purpose of the present study was to formulate and define standards for reporting qualitative research while preserving the requisite flexibility to accommodate various paradigms, approaches, and methods. METHOD The authors identified guide...

Following a review of extant reporting standards for scientific publication, and reviewing 10 years of experience since publication of the first set of reporting standards by the American Psychological Association (APA; APA Publications and Communications Board Working Group on Journal Article Reporting Standards, 2008), the APA Working Group on Quantitative Research Reporting Standards recomme...

BACKGROUND Realist evaluation is increasingly used in health services and other fields of research and evaluation. No previous standards exist for reporting realist evaluations. This standard was developed as part of the RAMESES II project. The project's aim is to produce initial reporting standards for realist evaluations. METHODS We purposively recruited a maximum variety sample of an inter...

SINCE the first description of vertebroplasty in 1987 for the treatment of aggressive hemangiomas (1), vertebroplasty has become established as a safe and effective, minimally invasive procedure that offers a therapeutic option for patients with back pain from osteoporotic or tumor-related fractures. This initial success has spawned additional techniques for percutaneous vertebral augmentation,...

Technologic and scientific advances have led to an explosion in the number of new tumor markers being studied for the early detection and prognosis of cancer. It is imperative that the design and results of tumor marker studies are reported in a comprehensive manner so that they can be evaluated critically. However, this is often not the case. This problem motivated the Statistics Subcommittee ...

The American Psychological Association Publications and Communications Board Working Group on Journal Article Reporting Standards for Qualitative Research (JARS-Qual Working Group) was charged with examining the state of journal article reporting standards as they applied to qualitative research and with generating recommendations for standards that would be appropriate for a wide range of meth...

IN the last 5 years, the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) procedure has become widely disseminated. The number of interventional radiologists who are creating shunts has steadily increased as the procedure has become an accepted method of reducing portal vein pressure (1–28). Although the optimal technique for shunt creation continues to evolve, shunts can routinely be creat...

Problem under investigation Participants or subjects; specifying pertinent characteristics; in animal research, include genus and species Study method, including: Sample size Any apparatus used Outcome measures Data-gathering procedures Research design (e.g., experiment, observational study) Findings, including effect sizes and confidence intervals and/or statistical significance levels Conclus...