Face milling is an important and common machining operation because of its versatility and capability to produce various surfaces. Face milling is a machining process of removing material by the relative motion between a work piece and rotating cutter with multiple cutting edges. It is an interrupted cutting operation in which the teeth of the milling cutter enter and exit the work piece during...

An ideal surface produced in machining has typical roughness due to these feed marks which can be modeled and quantitatively predicted from the geometry of the cutting tool and its relative path or feed rate. The associated mechanism of surface generation can be termed as deterministic and intrinsic to the process. However the real or practical surface has considerable variation from the ideal ...

In this article, a numerical investigation is conducted to analyze the two-dimensional incompressible Navier–Stokes flows through the artificially roughened solar air heater for relevant Reynolds number ranges from 3800 to 18,000. Twelve different configurations of equilateral triangular sectioned rib (P/e = 7.14–35.71 and e/d = 0.021–0.042) have been used as roughness element. The governing eq...

[1] Data from laboratory flumes and natural streams show that the critical Shields stress for initial sediment motion increases with channel slope, which indicates that particles of the same size are more stable on steeper slopes. This observation is contrary to standard models that predict reduced stability with increasing slope due to the added downstream gravitational force. Processes that m...

Unsaturated biofilms of Pseudomonas putida, i.e., biofilms grown in humid air, were analyzed by atomic force microscopy to determine surface morphology, roughness, and adhesion forces in the outer and basal cell layers of fresh and desiccated biofilms. Desiccated biofilms were equilibrated with a 75.5% relative humidity atmosphere, which is far below the relative humidity of 98 to 99% at which ...

Terrestrial laser scanning can provide high-resolution, two-dimensional sampling of soil surface roughness. While previous studies demonstrated the usefulness of these roughness measurements in geophysical applications, questions about the number of required scans and their resolution were not investigated thoroughly. Here, we suggest a method to generate digital elevation models, while preserv...

In type II superconductors where the coherence length ξ is small compared to the London penetration depth λ, the London equation is valid and it predicts that magnetic fields decay exponentially in magnitude with the depth into the superconductor with a length scale λ, provided the interface is flat. Various direct measurements of λ using low energy μSR on superconductors such as Yttrium-Barium...