Presentation of a weak stimulus, a prepulse, before a reflex-evoking stimulus decreases the amplitude of the reflex response relative to reflex amplitude evoked without a preceding prepulse. For example, presenting a brief tone before a trigeminal blink-eliciting stimulus significantly reduces reflex blink amplitude. A common explanation of such data are that sensory processing of the prepulse ...

In spinal cord injuries, direct trauma by edges of sublaxated or dislocated vertebrae and indirect ischemia as a result of vascular injury necrotize the neural tissue. After spinal cord injury, tissue loss appears as micro- or macrocavitation. Accumulations of non-neuronal cells substitute spared tissue and halts axon regrowth. Lack of supporting cells (secreting trophic factors and matrix) agg...

To investigate the channels and neurotransmitters in the ventrolateral medulla (VLM) oblongata that are responsible for the maintenance of sympathetic tone and cardio-respiratory reflex regulation. Microinjections of excitant amino acid (glutamate, 100 nl, 100 mM), calcium channel blockers, agonists and antagonists were made throughout the VLM in anaesthetized rats. Arterial blood pressure, sym...

introduction: some of the studies have shown that ra (rheumatoid arthritis) may cause hearing disorders. these disorders can result in problems later in life, so survey of correlation between rheumatoid arthritis and hearing disorders is important . methods: this was a case-control study which has done from december 2004 to august 2006 at shaheed sadoughi hospital in yazd. in this study, 50 rhe...

ra (rheumatoid arthritis) is a chronic multisystem disease with a variety of systemic manifestations. one of these manifestations, is hearing disorder, so study of the relation between ra and hearing disorders is seem important. this was a case-control study which has done from december 2004 to august 2006. this study compared 50 patients with ra, with age, sex and job-matched as control. audio...

abstract oculocardiac reflex (ocr) sometimes occurs as a result of pressure on the eye or traction of the intraorbital surrounding structures during ophthalmic surgery. this can result in bradycardiac arrhythmia and cardiac arrest. a 45-year-old female was undergoing an elective squint correction surgery of one eye under local anaesthesia in a private hospital in december 2013. the patient was ...