BACKGROUND Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an invaluable diagnostic tool for the detection and follow-up of retinal pathology in patients and experimental disease models. However, as morphological structures and layering in health as well as their alterations in disease are complex, segmentation procedures have not yet reached a satisfactory level of performance. Therefore, raw images and...

We present a simple closed-form expression for the reflectivity horn a multilayer which includes the effects of absorption, refraction, surface and substrate reflections but neglects dynamical effects. This expression reproduces the exact dynamical calculation except for the regions near the critical angle and for intense Bragg reflections. The expression is generalized to include cumulative in...

The paper analyzes errors in retrievals of cloud liquid water content (Ql) and precipitation flux (R) based on three different sets of parameters: a) radar reflectivity, Z, b) radar reflectivity and Doppler velocity, V , and c) radar reflectivity and Doppler velocity spectrum width, σ d d. As radar reflectivity represents the sixth moment of the drop size distribution (DSD), one can expect it t...

The present study aimed to document the constraints and limits in applying reflective teaching principles in ELT settings in Iran from the teachers’ perspective along with solutions and coping strategies to help remove the obstacles. 60 teachers teaching general English at 6 language institutes were selected through convenience sampling. First, the teacher participants filled out a reflectivity...

Causal continuity is usually defined by imposing the conditions (i) distinction and (ii) reflectivity. It is proved here that a new causality property which stays between weak distinction and causality, called feeble distinction, can actually replace distinction in the definition of causal continuity. An intermediate proof shows that feeble distinction and future (past) reflectivity implies pas...

[1] This paper presents an empirical method for converting reflectivity from Ku-band (13.8GHz) to S-band (2.8GHz) for several hydrometeor species, which facilitates the incorporation of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR) measurements into quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) products from the U.S. Next-Generation Radar (NEXRAD). The development of empiric...

OBJECTIVE To assess the internal reflectivity of the retinal nerve fiber layer in normal, ocular hypertensive, and glaucomatous eyes using optical coherence tomography. METHODS All patients underwent complete ophthalmic examination and achromatic automated perimetry. Intraocular pressure was 21 mm Hg or less for low-tension glaucoma and normal eyes and at least 25 mm Hg on 2 separate occasion...

Purpose To investigate layer-by-layer changes in retinal thickness and reflectivity regarding the severity grade of acute retinal artery occlusion (RAO) using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Methods This study is a retrospective, observational case-control series that took place in an institutional setting and included 148 eyes from 74 patients diagnosed with acute RAO ...

Carrier frequencies of networked weather radars are allocated in a narrow band, i.e., in X-, C-, and Sbands. To reduce signal interference among adjacent radars, the carrier frequencies are offset. A calibration procedure, running on radars, brings reflectivity values to the same level assuming that the intrinsic reflectivity of the scattering media is the same. This assumption is good for rain...

New algorithms for rain attenuation correction of reflectivity factor and differential reflectivity are presented. Following the methodology suggested for the first time by Gorgucci et al., the new algorithms are developed based on the self-consistency principle, describing the interrelation between polarimetric measurements along the rain medium. There is an increasing interest in X-band radar...