We model the idea that when consumers search for products, they first visit the firms which advertise more, or the firms whose advertising is more salient. Equilibrium prices and advertising efforts are increasing in consumer search costs. By contrast, equilibrium profits are nonmonotonic in search costs so firms are not necessarily better off if search costs rise. In our model, firms are engag...

In this paper, we examine the levels of care which would be chosen by a monopolistic manufacturer and competitive retailer, when both the manufacturer and retailer can affect the probability of an accident and when the manufacturer cannot observe ex ante the care chosen by the retailer. We show that if retailer bankruptcy is not possible, retailer liability is superior to manufacturer liability...

This article by modeling a non-cooperative dynamic game tries to improve profitability and competition. This paper has considered how the manufacturer interacts with multiple competitor distributors. Each distributor also determines the optimal distribution price and inventory replenishment policies to maximize their profits. The issue form a non-cooperative dynamic game. Distributors formulate...

In theory, competitive emission permit markets minimise total abatement cost for any emission ceiling. Permit markets are often imperfectly competitive, however, if they are thin and dominated by large firms. The dominant firm(s) could exercise market power and increase other firms’ costs of pollution control, while reducing their own emission control costs. This paper reports a testbed laborat...

France, Germany, and Sweden have recently linked vehicle taxes to the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions rates of passenger vehicles. France has introduced a system of CO2-based purchase taxes and subsidies, whereas Germany and Sweden impose annual circulation (i.e., registration) taxes that are linear functions of CO2 emissions rates. This paper (a) compares the effects of vehicle taxes on registr...

Estimating in construction education has remained relatively unchanged despite continual technological advances. Currently, students conduct time consuming quantifications and take-offs from construction documents. This traditional estimating process is disconnected from the physical building leading to greater differences between estimated and actual construction costs. To remedy this conditio...

In today's conditions, where innovation has become the primary competitive tool for businesses, an increasing number of businesses turn to R&D and allocate resources. Among most important questions that are sought be answered day by is efficiency resources allocated innovation, development in costs, how these costs affect company's income profits. this framework, after explaining open from ...

today’s, a common problem in cities is increasing delay and reducing the speed of traffic. on the other wise increasing costs of acquisition in urban area are not allow new routes and highways. also construction of new highway or street such as imam ali highway and sadr highway in tehran lead to develop new applications (such as brt lane ,…) and become quickly saturate and less efficient. there...