Group B streptococci (GBS) colonize the female genital and rectal tracts and can cause invasive infection in susceptible newborns. An optimally effective GBS vaccine should induce mucosal and systemic immunity. In this study, we investigate the local and systemic immune responses to GBS type III capsular polysaccharide (CPS) after mucosal vaccination of mice via intranasal, peroral, rectal, and...

Successful insect development is achieved via appropriate fluctuation of ecdysteroid levels. When an insect's ecdysteroid level is disrupted, physiological and developmental defects occur. In the pupa of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, the rectal sac is an essential organ that operates as a repository for degraded ecdysteroids, and it can be distended by administration of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). O...

Heavy metals accumulate in various tissues and are associated with increases in today’s biggest killers: cardiovascular disease and cancer. Reducing these heavy metals from the body has been a challenge to modern day medicine. With the advent of intravenous EDTA chelation, it was possible to remove heavy metals, but this invasive method of heavy metal removal is burdensome and expensive. This r...

OBJECTIVE To compare a dose of oral and rectal acetaminophen and to evaluate acceptability of rectal acetaminophen, since oral and rectal acetaminophen is widely used as an antipyretic agent in febrile children and the comparative effectiveness of these two preparations is not well established. METHODS In this prospective parallel group designed study, 60 children who presented to the emergen...

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is the virus that caused COVID-19 pandemic. Initial symptoms include fever, cough, and dyspnea. Symptoms nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, GIT involvement also possible. outbreak has increased need for alternative medicine administration routes, particularly in public places. Buccal, sublingual, rectal are all considered transmuc...

N-Nicotinoyl-2-(5-fluorouracil-1-yl)-D,L-glycine (NFG) methyl-(NFGM), ethyl-(NFGE) and isopropyl esters (NFGIp) were synthesized and their potential as a prodrug of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) for rectal administration was investigated. Chemical conversion proceeded either by elimination of (5-FU) or by hydrolysis of ester group. 5-FU was released from NFGIp, NFGE and NFGM 90.5%, 71.3% and 48.5% of t...

Plasma concentration-time curves of pethidine and norpethidine were studied in 25 children allocated after operation to three groups to receive pethidine 1 mg kg-1 i.v., i.m. or rectally. Peak concentrations occurred after 5 +/- 1, 10 +/- 2, and 60 +/- 10 min, respectively, while the maximum concentrations amounted to 2800 +/- 462, 1609 +/- 367 and 531 +/- 179 nmol litre-1, respectively. The ar...