It is obvious that there a critical need for an efficient malaria vaccine to accelerate eradication. Currently, recombinant subunit vaccination against using proteins and peptides gaining attention. However, one of the major drawbacks this approach lack durable immune response. Therefore, vaccines require adjuvants make sufficiently immunogenic. Considering history RTS,S vaccine, it seems likel...

In the 1990s, Hendra virus and Nipah virus (NiV), two closely related and previously unrecognized paramyxoviruses that cause severe disease and death in humans and a variety of animals, were discovered in Australia and Malaysia, respectively. Outbreaks of disease have occurred nearly every year since NiV was first discovered, with case fatality ranging from 10 to 100%. In the African green monk...

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) causes hemorrhagic colitis in humans and, in a subgroup of infected subjects, a more serious condition called hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). These conditions arise because EHEC produces two antigenically distinct forms of Shiga toxin (Stx), called Stx1 and Stx2. Despite this, the production of Stx2 by virtually all EHEC serotypes and the documented ro...

The protective effects of a subunit vaccine, recombinant protein Edwardsiella tarda glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Rec) combined with peptidoglycan (PGN) and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (polyIC), against edwardsiellosis in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus were investigated to evaluate an adjuvant property pathogen-associated molecular patterns. ?By injection the mixture p...

Coxiella burnetiiis an obligate and gram-negative bacteria causing query fever (Q fever) disease, despite the importance of Q fever, there is no universal vaccine against this disease. Therefore, application of the recombinant subunit vaccines which use Com1 and OmpH as immunogenic proteins can be useful in this regard. To perform the current project, Com1 an...

The Step study of a recombinant adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5)-based human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine revealed an increased risk of HIV-1 acquisition in vaccinees who were Ad5 seropositive at baseline. We therefore investigated whether preexisting Ad seropositivity to 7 different Ad serotypes was associated with increased risk of HIV-1 infection in 3 HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trial...

PURPOSE Recombinant subunit vaccines provide safe and targeted protection against microbial infections. However, the protective efficacy of recombinant subunit vaccines tends to be less potent than the whole cell vaccines, especially when they are administered through mucosal routes. We have reported that a bacterial flagellin has strong mucosal adjuvant activity to induce protective immune res...

OBJECTIVES Despite treatment with antibiotics and vaccination with BCG, tuberculosis (TB) is still considered as one of the most important public health problems in the world. Therefore, designing and producing a more effective vaccine against TB seems urgently. In this study, immunogenicity of a fusion protein which consisting or comprising CFP-10 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the Fc-dom...

Leptospirosis, a worldwide zoonosis, lacks an effective, safe, and cross-protective vaccine. LipL32, the most abundant, immunogenic, and conserved surface lipoprotein present in all pathogenic species of Leptospira, is a promising antigen candidate for a recombinant vaccine. However, several studies have reported a lack of protection when this protein is used as a subunit vaccine. In an attempt...