Laboratory experiments have generally supported the theorem that, in classical property rights environments, noncooperative behavior in markets yields efficient social outcomes. Experiments, however, regularly fail to support the game theoretic prediction of noncooperative behavior in small-group strategic interaction and in large-group public good environments. In these two types of experiment...

The bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) is used to characterize the directional properties of surface reflectance, but the most recent standardized definition fails to address some important aspects for the structured and varying surfaces encountered in remote sensing. This article proposes an updated definition of BRDF that is applicable for such surfaces. The updated defini...

Reciprocity is central to our understanding of politics. Most political exchanges-whether they involve legislative vote trading, interbranch bargaining, constituent service, or even the corrupt exchange of public resources for private wealth-require reciprocity. But how does reciprocity arise? Do government officials learn reciprocity while holding office, or do recruitment and selection practi...

Indirect reciprocity occurs when the cooperative behavior between two individuals is contingent on their previous behavior toward others. Previous theoretical analysis indicates that indirect reciprocity can evolve if individuals use an image-scoring strategy. In this paper, we show that, when errors are added, indirect reciprocity cannot be based on an image-scoring strategy. However, if indiv...

Trust reciprocity, a special form of link reciprocity, exists in many networks of trust among users. In this paper, we seek to determine the extent to which reciprocity exists in a trust network and develop quantitative models for measuring reciprocity and reciprocity related behaviors. We identify several reciprocity behaviors and their respective measures. These behavior measures can be emplo...

It was proposed that the emphasis of previous investigations of selfdisclosure reciprocity on descriptive reciprocation, the intimacy of the facts an individual reveals about himor herself, stems largely from the fact that these investigations have structured the circumstances for disclosure in terms of the exchange of information. If the circumstances were changed to a conversation or if parti...

In recent years a large number of experimental studies have documented the existence of strong reciprocity among humans. Strong reciprocity means that people willingly repay gifts and punish the violation of cooperation and fairness norms even in anonymous one-shot encounters with genetically unrelated strangers. We provide ethnographic and experimental evidence suggesting that ultimate theorie...

In this paper a generalisation of the notion of polarity is exhibited which allows to completely describe, in an incidence-geometric way, the linear complexes of h-subspaces. A generalised polarity is defined to be a partial map which maps (h−1)-subspaces to hyperplanes, satisfying suitable linearity and reciprocity properties. Generalised polarities with the null property give rise to linear c...

After explaining the concepts of Langlands dual and miniscule representations, we define an analog of the Gauss sum for any compact, simple Lie group with a simply laced Lie algebra. We then show a reciprocity property when a Lie group is exchanged with its Langlands dual. We also explore the relation with theta functions and modular transformations. In the non-simply laced case, we construct a...