In the present study, the effects of excitation and inhibition of GABAA and GABAB receptor subtypes on the expression of morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) were investigated. For this purpose, male Wistar rats (250-300 g) were used in the experiments. Five days after surgical cannulation in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), different doses of morphine were injected into the ani...

It has been reported that ketamine as an uncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist has also non-NMDA receptor antagonist properties. We recently found that ketamine (20 ?M) affected differently induction of NMDA receptor-mediated long-term potentiation (LTP) when administered 30 min prior to tetanic Primed-Bursts (PBs) stimulation. On the other hand, ketamine also influenced...

Diabetic neuropathic pain, an important micro vascular complication in diabetes mellitus, has been recognized as one of the most difficult types of pain to treat. Lack of understanding of etiology involved, inadequate relief, development of tolerance and potential toxicity of classical anti-nociceptive agents warrants the investigation of newer agents to relieve this pain. The aim of the presen...

Finerenone (Kerendia) is a mineralocorticoid-receptor antagonist for the treatment of chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. This article discusses its indications, efficacy and adverse effects.

Introduction: It is known that acute and chronic stress induce hormonal and neuronal changes which affecting both pain threshold and nociceptive behaviours. Orexin plays an important role in modulation of pain and stress. Considering pain modulation during stress and the role of orexin in pain and stress, orexin might be involved in pain modulation during stress.We evaluated the involvement ...

Background: Many recent epidemiological studies have shown that epileptic patients are more likely suffer from depression, anxiety, and irritability. However, the cellular mechanisms of epilepsy-induced psychotic behaviors are not fully elucidated. Neurotrophin receptors have been suggested to be involved in epilepsy and also in psychiatric disorders. Up-regulation of p75NTR expression and acti...

It has been reported that ketamine as an uncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist has also non-NMDA receptor antagonist properties. We recently found that ketamine (20 ?M) affected differently induction of NMDA receptor-mediated long-term potentiation (LTP) when administered 30 min prior to tetanic Primed-Bursts (PBs) stimulation. On the other hand, ketamine also influenced...

In the present study, the effects of intracuneiformis nucleus microinjection of gamma-aminobutyric acidA (GABAA) receptor agonist and antagonist on antinociception inducced by morphine were investigated with formalin test in rat. Intracuneiformis nucleus microinjection of morphine (10µgr/rat) and Bicuculline (50, 100 ng/rat) induced antinociception in the both first and second phases of formali...

introduction: it is known that acute and chronic stress induce hormonal and neuronal changes which affecting both pain threshold and nociceptive behaviours. orexin plays an important role in modulation of pain and stress. considering pain modulation during stress and the role of orexin in pain and stress, orexin might be involved in pain modulation during stress.we evaluated the involvement of ...