In this study, the effects of the rate enhancement of isoamyl acetate formation by immobilized Mucor miehei lipase catalysed esterification of isoamyl alcohol with acetic acid were investigated. The esterification reaction was studied in ten different solvents and n-heptane was found to be most suitable. The rate of the reaction was affected by the addition of molecular sieves (3Å) and temperat...

This paper presents an experimental study of the self-initiation reaction of n-butyl acrylate (n-BA) in free-radical polymerization. For the first time, the frequency factor and activation energy of the monomer self-initiation reaction are estimated from measurements of n-BA conversion in free-radical homo-polymerization initiated only by the monomer. The estimation was carried out using a macr...

In this paper, we present a novel method to estimate chemical reaction and diffusion rates for biochemical reaction–diffusion dynamics from time series of observations. Our approach leverages iterated particle filtering as means fit high-dimensional stochastic discrete spatiotemporal model sparse data, often with some species in low copy numbers. We demonstrate the feasibility on three realisti...

This paper presents a novel reconfigurable control method for an aircraft with potential actuator failures. A Variable Structure Model Reference Adaptive Control (VSMRAC) scheme is deployed to counteract the adverse effects when the actuator failure occurs. Combined with exponential reaching law, the convergence rate is improved and the chattering is reduced. This approach ensures that the refe...

The wide adoption of the Z39.50 protocol from the Libraries exposes their abilities to participate in a distributed environment. In spite of the protocol specification of a unified global access mechanism, query failures and/or inconsistent answers are the pending issues when searching many sources due to the variant or poor implementations. The elimination of these issues heavily depends on th...

An analysis of the effect chemical reactions on unsteady MHD convective transport passing a vertical porous sheet has been introduced in this research paper. The model formed highly nonlinear governing equations are converted by inserting similarity transformations. numerical solutions fluid properties like concentration, temperature, and velocity presented graphically. This paper also heat tra...

A stochastic model for a chemical reaction network is embedded in a one-parameter family of models with species numbers and rate constants scaled by powers of the parameter. A systematic approach is developed for determining appropriate choices of the exponents that can be applied to large complex networks. When the scaling implies subnetworks have different time-scales, the subnetworks can be ...

A stochastic model for a chemical reaction network is embedded in a one-parameter family of models with species numbers and rate constants scaled by powers of the parameter. A systematic approach is developed for determining appropriate choices of the exponents that can be applied to large complex networks. When the scaling implies subnetworks have different time-scales, the subnetworks can be ...

Classical rate theories often fail in cases where the observable(s) or order parameter(s) used is a poor reaction coordinate or the observed signal is deteriorated by noise, such that no clear separation between reactants and products is possible. Here, we present a general spectral two-state rate theory for ergodic dynamical systems in thermal equilibrium that explicitly takes into account how...