In photorealistic rendering, refraction is a vital optical phenomenon for transparent objects. This study proposes a real-time image-space method for approximate multiple refraction. First, a depth-peeling technique is used to disassemble a 3D polygonal model into four layers of normal and depth textures. Next, a modified ray-height-field intersection algorithm is employed to resolve discontinu...

Ultrashort X-ray pulses from free-electron laser X-ray sources make it feasible to conduct small- and wide-angle scattering experiments on biomolecular samples in solution at sub-picosecond timescales. During these so-called fluctuation scattering experiments, the absence of rotational averaging, typically induced by Brownian motion in classic solution-scattering experiments, increases the info...

[1] A technique for the estimation of humidity in the lower troposphere using simultaneous dual‐wavelength radar observations is proposed and tested. The method compares the reflectivity from clouds and precipitation of a non‐attenuated wavelength (S‐band, 10 cm) and an attenuated wavelength (Ka‐band, 8 mm) to compute the clear‐air gaseous attenuation at the attenuated wavelength. These estimat...

We present a dynamic ray tracing program for a spherically symmetric Earth that may be used to compute Fréchet kernels for traveltime and amplitude anomalies at finite frequency. The program works for arbitrarily defined phases and background models. The numerical precisions of kinematic and dynamic ray tracing are optimized to produce traveltime errors under 0.1 s, which is well below the data...

A variety of events such as gamma-ray bursts and supernovae may expose the Earth to an increased flux of high-energy cosmic rays, with potentially important effects on the biosphere. Existing atmospheric chemistry software does not have the capability of incorporating the effects of substantial cosmic ray flux above 10 GeV . An atmospheric code, the NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center two-dimensio...

Despite certain challenges, FPGAs provide security and performance benefits over ASICs.