the present study investigated construct equivalence of multiple choice (mc) and constructed response (cr) item types across stem and content equivalent mc and cr items (item type ‘a’), non-stem-equivalent but content equivalent mc and cr items (item type ‘b’), and non-stem and non-content equivalent mc and cr items (item type ‘c’). one hundred seventy english-major undergraduates completed mc ...

در این پایان نامه پس از آوردن تعاریف مختصری از هندسه ریمان و هندسه فینسلر، در مورد متریک های داگلاس همراه با انحنای ایزوتروپیک لندزبرگ نسبی و انحنای ایزوتروپیک میانگین بروالد بحث می کنیم و سپس متریک های فینسلر را که دارای انحنای ایزوتروپیک بروالد هستند، معرفی می کنیم. ثابت می کنیم که بر روی مترهای داگلاس، دو مفهوم ایزوتروپیک بروالد بودن و ایزوتروپیک لندزبرگ نسبی بودن معادلند. لذا قضیه باکچو-مات...

abstract type-ii fuzzy logic has shown its superiority over traditional fuzzy logic when dealing with uncertainty. type-ii fuzzy logic controllers are however newer and more promising approaches that have been recently applied to various fields due to their significant contribution especially when the noise (as an important instance of uncertainty) emerges. during the design of type- i fuz...

abstract this study investigates the teachers’ correction of students’ spoken errors of linguistic forms in efl classes, aiming at (a) examining the relationship between the learners’ proficiency level and the provision of corrective feedback types, (b) exploring the extent to which teachers’ use of different corrective feedback types is related to the immediate types of context in which err...

abstract tasks nowadays are at the center of attention in sla research. task types is one of the critical issues in this regard, their effectiveness and suitability to any particular context, their characteristics and the result they yield are among some of these issues. on the other hand, discourse markers (dms) have been very much investigated and their effectiveness in conveying the meaning...