While pure rain is naturally slightly acidic, the higher level of acidity in acid rain makes it a threat to plant and aquatic life and to some manmade materials and structures. The slight natural acidity of pure rain is the result of carbon dioxide in the air dissolving in water to produce a weak carbonic acid solution. This natural acid in rainfall and snowmelt is partly responsible for the lo...

We show that rain events are analogous to a variety of nonequilibrium relaxation processes in Nature such as earthquakes and avalanches. Analysis of high-resolution rain data reveals that power laws describe the number of rain events versus size and number of droughts versus duration. In addition, the accumulated water column displays scale-less fluctuations. These statistical properties are th...

I. Determination of unanalyzed ions in rain water of Mongolia

Increased urbanization has resulted in water quality and flooding problems for many receiving waters in the United States. Bioretention, or rain gardens, is one of the most widely popular and effective best management practices in low impact development (LID), which strives to return a watershed to a predevelopment hydrologic regime. Many studies have evaluated large bioretention cells in resea...

Dissolved inorganic P transport in runoff from agricultural soils is an environmental concern. Models are used to predict P transport but rarely simulate P in runoff from surface-applied manures. Using field-plot data, we tested a previously proposed model to predict manure P in runoff. We updated the model to include more data relating water to manure ratio to manure P released during water ex...

We study rain water infiltration and drainage in a dry model sandy soil with superabsorbent hydrogel particle additives by measuring the mass of retained water for non-ponding rainfall using a self-built 3D laboratory set-up. In the pure model sandy soil, the retained water curve measurements indicate that instead of a stable horizontal wetting front that grows downward uniformly, a narrow fing...

Past experiences with ERS and Topex/Poseidon altimeter data have shown that rain can significantly alter the quality of altimeter measurements (dynamic heights, significant wave heights, wind speed) [1][2][3][4]. Among all the different atmospheric phenomena which can affect the altimeter measurement, rain is one of the less well understood and at present no reliable correction can be made for ...

Water is naturally found in atmosphere in three major physical states as: liquid (rain, fog & clouds), solid (snow flakes, ice-crystals) & gaseous (water vapors). In any of the forms the occurrence of water causes hindrances in the path of radio waves in form of absorption & scattering leading to some loss in signal quality & quantity both which is quantified in terms of attenuation. Here we pr...

The Lin-hail microphysics scheme is based on Lin et al. (1983) as modified by the Goddard Cumulus Ensemble Modeling Group (Tao and Simpson, 1993; Braun and Tao, 2000). It includes six classes of water species representing water vapor, cloud water, cloud ice, rain, snow and hail. The size distributions of the precipitating species (rain, snow and hail) are assumed to follow an exponential distri...