ONVERSUS OFF-BUDGET PROVISIONS In most healthcare reform proposals, Human explained at the National Rural Health Association's annual conference last May, provisions that would benefit rural areas are on budget rather than off budget. Provisions that are off budget such as increases in payments through taxes, through Medicare, or through employer payments—are self-financing and thus perhaps not...

For most developing and transition countries, the integration of current and capital (or “development”) budgets is a major step towards improved budget management and more effective public finance institutions. Moving to a unified budget, however, can be a technically and managerially demanding task that involves legislative, institutional, budget presentation and expenditure management issues....

This paper addresses the determinants of public expenditure policies, by reviewing theories and empirical investigations of what features explain the budget process and how the various attributes of actors— including politicians, bureaucrats, interest groups, and donors—and of institutions and political and economic governance environments affect the prioritization of public investments. It dra...

We had recently shown that every positive integer can be represented uniquely using a recurrence sequence, when certain restrictions on the digit strings are satisfied. We present the details of how such representations can be used to build a knapsack-like public key cryptosystem. We also present new disguising methods, and provide arguments for the security of the code against known methods of...

A relevant part of software industry deals with ad hoc software solutions, which are externalized by software consumers. The process of acquirment follows a public procedure of requesting proposals. This procedure is based on a call-for-tenders document that contains, at least, a software specification and project constraints, such as budget and time. The general assumption is that the requirem...

In a simple stochastic overlapping generation model, individuals work when young and retire when old, generations’ productivity is affected by a serially uncorrelated random shock, and fiat money and nominal public debt are the only storable assets. In this setting, we show that social security programs featured by a constant contribution rate and budget-balance in each period, as common in the...

We analyze effects of public debt in a basic endogenous growth model with productive public spending. We demonstrate that a discretionary policy violates the inter-temporal government budget constraint along a balanced growth path. A balanced government budget gives a unique saddle point stable growth path. With a rule based policy, two saddle point stable balanced growth paths can occur, depen...