Aim: In this paper, it is argued that in complex financial systems private goods, important for the creation of a market, have to be considered multiple differing property rights structures necessary functioning system. This may lead high transaction costs and adverse incentives different players, threatening sustainability The aim article create explore framework assessing fragilities threats ...

Ideological stance of politicians might play a role in the efficiency service provision as well global spending efficiency. This paper examines whether shares left-wing, populist, and extremist councillors on all regional are associated with higher or lower education, healthcare, infrastructure governments. To calculate each policy domain, we use conditional non-parametric models adjust outputs...

In the age of internet, there's no such thing as a private debate. But is that bad for science? Some scientists have had misgivings. When debates in any sector move beyond halls universities and government agencies, there potential misuse information public confusion. open debate can also foster communication among between scientific community public. During pandemic, on research, health, polic...