Self-efficacy beliefs are used to explain a range of behaviors and aspects of the pain experience. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between academic self-efficacy, social self-efficacy, emotional self-efficacy and psychological hardiness with pain self-efficacy in students. 167 students of Persian Gulf university were selected randomly. The research tools consist of Nicho...

BACKGROUND Admission to university is a very sensitive period of life for efficient, active, and young workforces in any country, and it is mostly associated with many changes in social and human relationships. These changes lead to anxiety in students. Moreover, humans need certain functions in order to adaptively deal with different life situations and challenges. By training stress managemen...

objective: to determine the effect of group cognitive behavior therapy (cbt) on psychological hardiness and coping strategies of infertile women undergoing assisted reproductive therapy (art). methods: two groups of infertile women who received art consisted of experimental group (15 females) and control group (16 females) were compared. the participants in experimental group received 15 sessio...

Background: Nurses are responsible for maintaining and improving the health and quality of life of patients. Therefore, it is important to assess the quality of life of nurses in order to improve it. Quality of life is affected by many variables  and among them burnout, perceived social support and psychological hardiness are the leading ones. This study aimed at predicting the quality of ...

Objectives: The objective behind this study was investigating the relationships between family functioning and psychological hardiness in parents of exceptional children versus parents of normal children. Methods: The study was causal-comparative. Population included all parents of normal and exceptional students in Bojnurd City studying in ordinary and exceptional schools in the academic ye...

We propose here that simultaneously considering the combined effects of students’ learning motivation and psychological hardiness can increase understanding of the learning experience and its impact on important learning outcomes. Specifically, we hypothesized that the relationship between learning motivation and learning outcomes would be moderated by individuals’ psychological hardiness. We c...