BACKGROUND Habitat modifications resulting from human transportation and power-generation infrastructure (e.g., roads, dams, bridges) can impede movement and alter natural migration patterns of aquatic animal populations, which may negatively affect survival and population viability. Full or partial barriers are especially problematic for migratory species whose life histories hinge on habitat ...

This paper presents a systems life cycle and a structured design method which are tailored towards the construction of real-time systems in general, and hard real-time systems in particular. The standard systems life cycle is modified to take into account the expression and satisfaction of non-functional requirements. The HOOD design method is extended to support abstractions which explicitly c...

To increase containment efficiency and reduce energy consumption, a sash-less, variable-height inclined air-curtain fume hood (sIAC hood) was developed and tested by a laser-assisted flow visualization technique and tracer-gas detection method. This novel design requires neither sash nor baffle. The sIAC hood employed the inclined push-pull air-curtain technique and two deflection plates instal...

1 “Hot air rises!” This introductory sentence to Design Guide 1 states the obvious. But why does it sometimes rise and stay within the hood envelope and other times fill the kitchen with smoke, grease, and heat? Recent research sponsored by the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) provided intriguing insights into this question. In addition to the ...

It is well known that certain Islamic Jurists and Scholars like Imam Bukari, Imam Muslim, and Imam Tirmizi, did exhaustive research to collect the sayings and traditions of our beloved Prophet PBUH. They then presented their collected works as 'Al Hadith' of the Prophet to the populace. Not only were these authenticated, as to their degree of authenticity, but each of the witnesses, or the chai...