The aim of this study is to provide a new insight into the “cause-effect” chain that “traditional” research on international promotional standardisation has neglected. A theory will be used as a conceptual base to formulate the research framework. This will identify key environmental and internal strategic factors as drivers and consequences of MNCs subsidiaries and Agencies’ promotional standa...

Manufacturers are not necessarily in the "prisoner's dilemma" with their promotional spending. A small share brand may be made better off by promoting even if its behavior triggers a promotional response from larger share conpetitors. Given the seeming inevitability of promotional activity, we consider the management of promotional expenditures across a product line. A manufacturer with two bra...

In today’s competitive environment, it is significant to develop a strong community that retains existing customers and attracts new ones. Higher education institutions in Lebanon, given the pandemic, are shifting online platforms market their services. The article explains how HEIs Lebanon use social media as way of engaging communicating with stakeholders. Using questionnaire targeting market...

Increased diversity, demographics, and population shifts in higher education have led many academic libraries to reexamine their marketing efforts adopt strategies that promote relationships inclusivity. This requirement has become more prominent among serving a highly diverse user community, particularly racially ethnically campus. Adopting model cultivates meaningful long-term with customers ...

Monads are becoming an increasingly important tool for structural functional programming, because they provide a uniform framework for describing a wide range of programming language features. To facilitate program transformation, Fokkinga derived a su cient assumption under which there is a kind of socalled monadic catamorphisms which satisfy several general laws useful for the transformation ...

Upselling is offering an additional product to a customer who just made a purchase. Most catalogers and online sellers in addition to some traditional retailers use upselling. One of the reasons that firms use upselling is to clear inventories of slow-moving items. We investigate the pricing and discounting questions for such an item, which we call the promotional product. In our model, an arri...