This study contributes to the literature on supply chain coordination by coordinating the research and development (R&D) effort, retail price, and inventory decisions. It investigates a real case in the home appliance industry. The main purpose of this study is to examine the optimal values of R&D effort, pricing, and inventory decisions under decentralized and centralized structures. Then, a d...

The ratio of total value added attributable to labor, or labor’s share, has been declining in Japan in recent years. (See Exhibit 1.) Kaldor postulated as one of his “stylized facts” that the share was stable overtime in many countries around the world. The ratio, however, has exhibited significant fluctuations in Japan and has been used as an important benchmark that helps account for various ...

We conducted multivariate analyses to examine whether high health maintenance organization (HMO) penetration and large share of for-profit health plans in a market reduced hospital cost and revenue growth rates between 1989 and 1998. We found that hospitals in high HMO areas experienced revenue and cost growth rates that were 21 and 18 percentage points, respectively, below hospitals in low HMO...

Most jurisdictions exempt nonprofit firms from property, sales, and corporate income taxes in various industries, such as health care and education, in which both nonprofit and for-profit firms compete. Crosssection estimates using state tax data indicate that these exemptions significantly increase the market share of nonprofit firms vis-d-vis their for-profit counterparts. The relative market...

CONTEXT Physical inactivity is a major public health problem. While individual (eg, attitudes, values, beliefs) and social (eg, social support) factors play a role, access to an activity-safe local environment can have a significant influence. Environments that include accessible opportunities for physical activity, a component of livability, require cooperation from many sectors including nonp...

T author considers a model of a decentralized distribution system consisting of n retailers selling an identical product. Retailers face a stochastic demand and must order their initial inventory before this demand is realized. After demand realization, retailers decide how much of their unsold inventory or unsatisfied demand they want to share with other retailers. This is followed by a transs...

It has been hypothesized that higher tax rates lead to a larger market share for nonprofit hospitals, given their tax exempt status. However, existing cross-sectional studies offer little empirical support for the hypothesis. We reexamine this issue using a panel data set and find that higher state corporate income and local property tax rates lead to a greater market share for nonprofit hospit...

The stock exchange determines the share price for activities carried out by seller and buyer of shares. Supply demand influence prices, so they can change at any time. Changes in prices be seen from company's internal external factors. Internal factors occur within company, such as company performance, controlled management. While are that appear outside control but have an impact on performanc...